Seasonal Abundance and Species Diversity of Adult Tabanidae (Diptera) at Lake Lansing Park-North, Michigan

A two year study was undertaken to determine the seasonal abundance and diversity of adult deer flies and horse flies, to compare two methods of sampling (Malaise trap and sweep net), and to estimate attack rates by tabanids on people at Lake Lansing Park-North, Ingham County, Michigan, in 1990 and 1991. Tabanids were sampled using dry ice-baited Malaise traps, and by making over- head sweeps with a standard insect net while hiking a trail. Hybomitra spp. (299 individuals of 9 species) peaked in abundance in mid-May to early June in both years. Chrysops spp. (11,675 individuals of 14 species) and Tabanus spp. (324 individuals of 8 species) peaked in early-to late-July in both study years. Peak abundance for Chrysops and Tabanus spp. occurred earlier in 1991 than 1990, probably because the spring of 1991 was warmer. There were six new species records for County. More individual Hybomitra and Tabanus were taken by M traps (77.3% for Hybomitra; 76.2% for Tabanus) than by netting (22.7% for Hybomitra; 23.8% for Tabanus). In contrast, sweep netting yielded more individual Chrysops (98.3%) than Malaise traps (1.7%). Tabanid attack rates on people hiking the trail exceeded 1,000 per hour on one occasion each year, at mid-season

Missed Connections: One Failed Attempt to Ease Restrictions on Bell Operating Companies

The divestiture of AT&T in 1983 began a revolution in telephone service, ending the communications giant\u27s monopoly and sparking industry competition and lower telephone rates for consumers. However, the Modified Final Judgment, the court decision governing the Bell Operating Companies created in the wake of the divestiture, severely limits phone companies\u27 ability to offer diverse communications products and to pursue customers outside their immediate geographic area. More than a decade after the landmark decision to limit AT&T\u27s monopoly, the District Court for the District of Columbia remains the sole regulator of this segment of the communications industry. This Note argues that in light of industry changes, the Baby Bells\u27 superior ability to provide consumer services, and the value of additional competition, the decree court\u27s restriction on Bell Operating Companies should be lifted. In its place, the Author advocates that Congress enact a proposal similar to the recent House Bill 3626, which would return regulatory power to the Federal Communications Commission and allow Bell Operating Companies to contribute their significant skills to the development of the communications infrastructure

Through the Hermit\u27s Shell - The Regulation of NGOs in North Korea

North Korea gained the moniker “Hermit Kingdom” as the country largely withdrew from interactions with the West during the Cold War. However, NGOs have quietly worked within the country since a famine in the mid-1990s pressured the North Korean government to request international aid. How did these NGOs begin operations in North Korea? How are the rules and regulations governing these NGOs decided? This research attempts to answer these questions through interviews with individuals who have worked or are currently working in North Korea, as well as, through related literature, both academic and non-academic. The findings are as follows: the rules that apply to each organization contain general trends, but are determined on a one-by-one basis with several key factors heavily influencing what regulations apply. Case studies are included to illustrate this point as well as a discussion of the influence NGOs have on North Korean policies

Fine-Particle Charging-Rate-Limit Modification to Grain Dynamics in Abrupt and Gradual Inhomogeneities

Gyro-phase drift is a guiding center drift that is directly dependent on the charging rate limit of dust grains. The effect of introducing a gyro-phase-dependence on the grain charge leads to two orthogonal components of guiding-center drift. One component, referred to here as grad-q drift results from the time-varying, gyro-phase angle dependent, in-situ-equilibrium grain charge, assuming that the grain charging is instantaneous. For this component, the grain is assumed to be always in its in-situ-equilibrium charge state and this state gyro-synchronously varies with respect to the grain\u27s average charge state. The other component, referred to here as the gyro-phase drift, arises from any non-instantaneous-charging-induced modification of the grad-q drift and points in the direction associated with increasing magnitude of in-situ-equilibrium charge state. Gyro-synchronous grain charge modulation may arise from either abrupt or gradual inhomogeneity in plasma conditions. In the abrupt inhomogeneity, q1 is the in-situ-equilibrium charge on one side of the inhomogeneity, q2 is the in-situ equilibrium charge on the other side, q1 Gyro-synchronous grain charge modulation may arise from either abrupt or gradual inhomogeneity in plasma conditions. In the abrupt inhomogeneity, q1 is the in-situ-equilibrium charge on one side of the inhomogeneity, q2 is the in-situ equilibrium charge on the other side, q1

Studies In Organic Synthesis: I Demethylation Of Methyl Enol Ethers And Methyl Aryl Ethers Ii Toward Sexiphenylene Iii Toward A New Method For Vinylcyclopropanation

Cycloseychellene, a tetracyclic sesquiterpene, has been a synthetic target of our group for some time and earlier work had ended with the preparation of a methyl enol ether intermediate. A possible pathway for the completion of this total synthesis had, as its key step, an intramolecular Prins (ene) reaction. Studies were conducted in order to examine possible methods for the formation of the enolate which this approach required. The possible use of a silyl enol ether, as the enolate precursor, was examined in a model study, but the preparation of the enol ether was not successful. In addition, model studies examined the demethylating ability of lithium dimethylamide for methyl aryl ethers and a methyl enol ether. It was thought that lithium dimethylamide might serve to demethylate the methyl enol ether intermediate prepared earlier, provide the necessary enolate, and so set the stage for the intramolecular Prins (ene) reaction. Although lithium dimethylamide was found to be a reasonably useful demethylating agent for aryl methyl ethers, no demethylation of the enol ether was observed.;Buckminsterfullerene possesses an equatorial belt of five benzene rings joined at the para positions. Although the cyclic oligoparaphenylenes (COPs) have yet to be synthesized, the knowledge gained from their preparation and the physical and electronic properties they possess, should provide further insight into the understanding of aromaticity. Central to our synthetic approach to (O{dollar}\sb6{dollar}) paracyclophane, or sexiphenylene as we refer to it, is the reductive dimerization of a dicarbonyl compound via McMurry reactions. The preparation of this diketone was successful, but attempts to achieve its reductive dimerization were not successful.;Organic chemists have found vinylcyclopropanes to be effective synthetic intermediates. Although these compounds can be prepared by a variety of methods, many of these approaches are of the multi-step variety. In order to add to the current collection of one-pot procedures, we have investigated an approach centred on the vinylcyclopropanation of {dollar}\alpha,\beta{dollar}-unsaturated ketones. At the heart of this strategy was a two step (one pot) operation consisting of a conjugate addition followed by an intramolecular S{dollar}\sb{lcub}\rm N{rcub}\sp\prime{dollar} displacement of a silyloxy group from an allylic position. The conjugative delivery of an appropriately silyloxyated vinyl anion was effected by higher-order organocuprate reagents. Efforts to induce the expulsion of two different silyloxy groups were not successful

The Cosmic Covenant in the Letter to the Hebrews

The Topic The cosmic covenant in Hebrews reflects three main ideas: There exists a close affinity between the letter and Enochic Judaism; the letter is a product of Roman Gentile Christianity that emerged as a response to Jewish particularists in the Second Temple covenantal debate; and the writer\u27s cosmic perspective had the simultaneous effect of supplanting and universalizing the Jewish covenantal concept. The Purpose The thesis offered here is that Hebrews presupposes a notion of cosmic covenant similar to that found in Enochic Judaism. Conclusions What has emerged is support for how the universalistic scope of 1 Enoch and its strong cosmic-eschatological outlook are framed by a reformulation of the Jewish covenant and undergirded by a critical stance toward the national cultus. These theological tendencies in the works provide an important framework for understanding the distinctiveness of the new cosmic covenant elaborated in the Letter to the Hebrews

THE EFFECTS OF NITROGEN AVAILABILITY AND COMPETITION ON FIRST YEAR PERRENNIAL BUNCHGRASS GROWTH AND ALLOCATION

Improving seedling survival of perennial bunchgrasses is a key goal of restoration programs in the Intermountain West. Two perennial bunchgrass species commonly used in restoration programs (Agropyron desertorum and Pseudoroegneria spicata) were exposed to two levels of N and competition treatments in a randomized complete block study in a pot study in eastern Oregon. I documented uptake, allocation and resorption of N in plants during the first year of growth. Agropyron desertorum had significantly higher rates of N uptake than P. spicata, but A. desertorum maintained lower tissue N concentrations, suggesting that P. spicata was more likely to enter into a period of luxury consumption. Results indicated that there may be an inherent trade-off between luxury consumption and resorption, in which high tissue N concentrations due to luxury consumption prevent plants from realizing more complete resorption. Plants of both species experiencing competition realized near or complete resorption, but also had plant-wide tissue concentrations near the minimum values attainable prior to death. These plants also had severely stunted growth. This study demonstrated that early competition results in compounding negative feedbacks for slow growing species, and that the slightly more plastic species (A. desertorum) may be better at coping with strong competitive stress. However, if either species is to be successful in a restoration setting, a strong focus should be placed on seeding times and methods, as well as seeding for communities with high functional trait diversity

The Fed's entry into check clearing reconsidered

Check collection systems ; Federal Reserve System